Okwangoku, ngaphandle kweemveliso ezimbalwa ezikumgangatho ophantsi kunye neebhrendi ezahlukeneyo ezikwimarike, uninzi lweebhrendi lunoyilo lwalo lokupakisha olukhethekileyo, olungapheleli nje ekunyuseni amaxabiso emveliso, kodwa lukwahluke kwiimveliso ezikhuphisanayo kwaye ludale iingenelo ezingcono.
1 Impembelelo yezinto zokupakisha iwayini kwiwayini
1.1 Iintlobo eziphambili zezinto zokupakisha iwayini
Ukupakisha utywala kubandakanya ikakhulu ukupakisha kwangaphandle kunye nokupakisha kwangaphakathi. Iintlobo zezinto zokupakisha zangaphandle ziquka iphepha, iplastiki, isinyithi kunye nomthi; iintlobo zezinto zokupakisha zangaphakathi ziquka iplastiki, iglasi, umthi kunye neeseramikhi; ukongeza, ukupakisha iwayini okwakusetyenziswa kumaxesha amandulo nako kuyintsha, kwaye iiseramikhi, iimveliso zejade kunye neemveliso zekristale nazo ziyasetyenziswa. Kusetyenziswa ukupakisha iwayini.
1.2 Impembelelo yezinto zokupakisha iwayini kwiwayini
Nangona izinto ezingaphandle zokupakisha iwayini zingadibani ngqo newayini, impembelelo yayo kwiwayini ayinakutyeshelwa.
1.2.1 Kwiphakheji yangaphandle, iphepha lelona phepha libalulekileyo ekupakisheni, kwaye iingozi zalo ezifihlakeleyo azinakubethwa ngoyaba. Isizathu esiphambili kukuba iikhemikhali ezifana nee-arhente ezithintela ukuvuza kwamanzi, ii-agent zokulinganisa, kunye nezizalisi kufuneka zongezwe kwi-pulp ngexesha lenkqubo yokwenza iphepha.
(yenza iphepha lingabonakali), i-bleach, iidayi, njl. I-arhente ethintela ukuvuza kwamanzi ikakhulu isepha ye-rosin; i-filler yi-kaolin, i-calcium carbonate, i-titanium dioxide, i-zinc sulfide, i-barium sulfate kunye ne-magnesium silicate; i-arhente ebangela ukuvuza yi-calcium hypochlorite, i-hypochlorous acid, i-sodium peroxide kunye ne-hydrogen peroxide, njl.njl.; i-arhente ebangela ukudaya Sebenzisa iidayi ezinyibilikayo emanzini kunye nemibala. Uninzi lwezinto ezinyibilikisiweyo ephepheni zivela kwizinto zeekhemikhali ezifana nezongezo ze-pulp. Phakathi kweedayi, iintsimbi ezisekelwe kwi-cadmium zisetyenziswa kakhulu kubomvu, kwaye iintsimbi ezisekelwe kwi-lead zisetyenziswa kakhulu kumbala otyheli, onokunyibilika nakwii-concentrations eziphantsi (mg/L level) kwaye zibangele izifo. Iintsimbi ezinzima azinakonakala, ngokuchaseneyo, zinokutyetyiswa amaxesha amaninzi phantsi kwe-bio-magnification ye-food chain, kwaye ekugqibeleni zingene emzimbeni womntu. Iintsimbi ezinzima zinokusebenzisana kakhulu neeproteni kunye nee-enzymes emzimbeni womntu, zizenze zingasebenzi, kwaye zinokuqokelelana kwizitho ezithile zomzimba womntu, nto leyo ebangela ityhefu engapheliyo. Izinto zokufaka imibala zephepha ziqulathe iidayi ezinombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, iphepha le-wax liqulathe ii-monomers ezisele, kwaye ezinye ii-wax ziqulathe ii-carcinogens. Ukongeza, i-formaldehyde esetyenziswa kwii-antifungal agents okanye kwi-resin processing nayo inganyibilikiswa kwiimveliso zephepha.
1.2 Impembelelo yezinto zokupakisha iwayini kwiwayini
Nangona izinto ezingaphandle zokupakisha iwayini zingadibani ngqo newayini, impembelelo yayo kwiwayini ayinakutyeshelwa.
1.2.1 Kwiphakheji yangaphandle, iphepha lelona phepha libalulekileyo ekupakisheni, kwaye iingozi zalo ezifihlakeleyo azinakubethwa ngoyaba. Isizathu esiphambili kukuba iikhemikhali ezifana nee-arhente ezithintela ukuvuza kwamanzi, ii-agent zokulinganisa, kunye nezizalisi kufuneka zongezwe kwi-pulp ngexesha lenkqubo yokwenza iphepha.
(yenza iphepha lingabonakali), i-bleach, iidayi, njl. I-arhente ethintela ukuvuza kwamanzi ikakhulu isepha ye-rosin; i-filler yi-kaolin, i-calcium carbonate, i-titanium dioxide, i-zinc sulfide, i-barium sulfate kunye ne-magnesium silicate; i-arhente ebangela ukuvuza yi-calcium hypochlorite, i-hypochlorous acid, i-sodium peroxide kunye ne-hydrogen peroxide, njl.njl.; i-arhente ebangela ukudaya Sebenzisa iidayi ezinyibilikayo emanzini kunye nemibala. Uninzi lwezinto ezinyibilikisiweyo ephepheni zivela kwizinto zeekhemikhali ezifana nezongezo ze-pulp. Phakathi kweedayi, iintsimbi ezisekelwe kwi-cadmium zisetyenziswa kakhulu kubomvu, kwaye iintsimbi ezisekelwe kwi-lead zisetyenziswa kakhulu kumbala otyheli, onokunyibilika nakwii-concentrations eziphantsi (mg/L level) kwaye zibangele izifo. Iintsimbi ezinzima azinakonakala, ngokuchaseneyo, zinokutyetyiswa amaxesha amaninzi phantsi kwe-bio-magnification ye-food chain, kwaye ekugqibeleni zingene emzimbeni womntu. Iintsimbi ezinzima zinokusebenzisana kakhulu neeproteni kunye nee-enzymes emzimbeni womntu, zizenze zingasebenzi, kwaye zinokuqokelelana kwizitho ezithile zomzimba womntu, nto leyo ebangela ityhefu engapheliyo. Izinto zokufaka imibala zephepha ziqulathe iidayi ezinombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, iphepha le-wax liqulathe ii-monomers ezisele, kwaye ezinye ii-wax ziqulathe ii-carcinogens. Ukongeza, i-formaldehyde esetyenziswa kwii-antifungal agents okanye kwi-resin processing nayo inganyibilikiswa kwiimveliso zephepha.
2 Isiphelo
Okwangoku, amazwe amaninzi ehlabathini afunda ngokusetyenziswa kokupakisha okuluhlaza kunye nokusebenzisa izixhobo zokupakisha ezingenabungozi nezingenabungozi. Kurhwebo lokutya lwamazwe ngamazwe, amazwe aqulunqe imigaqo nemigangatho efanelekileyo yokukhusela impilo yabathengi nokuqinisekisa ukuba badlala indima ebalulekileyo kukhuseleko lokutya. Abantu baxhomekeke ekutyeni ukuze baphile, kwaye ukhuseleko lokutya lunxulumene kakhulu nomthengi ngamnye, kwaye ukhuseleko lokutya luye lwaba yinto ephambili. Ngokuphuculwa okuqhubekayo kwemigangatho yokuphila kwabantu kunye nophuhliso olukhawulezileyo lwesayensi netekhnoloji, ukugxila kwabantu kukhuseleko lokutya akupheleli nje kwingxaki yokutya ngokwako, kodwa neengxaki zokhuseleko lokutya ezinokubangelwa zizixhobo kunye neemveliso ezidibana nokutya ziye zathandwa kakhulu. Enye yezinto ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe. Amaxesha aqhelekileyo, njengeengubo ezikhethekileyo ezityebileyo, izinyibilikisi ezisekwe kwi-benzene kwiingxowa zokupakisha ukutya, kunye neminye imiba yokhuseleko ivuse inkxalabo kunye nenkxalabo ebanzi kuzo zonke iindlela zobomi.
Phakathi kwezinto zokupakisha iwayini, iibhotile zewayini zeglasi zisetyenziswa njengezikhongozeli, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwazo kuye kwakhula. Iibhotile zewayini zeseramikhi ziyawohloka ngenxa yezinto ezifana nokufunxwa kwamanzi. I-Bone china ayinamanzi amaninzi kwaye ifunxwa amanzi kancinci, kwaye ingasetyenziswa ekupakisheni iwayini. Iimveliso zeplastiki ezikhankanyiweyo apha ngasentla zisetyenziswe kakhulu ekupakisheni iwayini, kodwa zonke zineengenelo kunye nokungalungi kwazo, kwaye izinto ezidityanisiweyo ezidibanisa izinto ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu zepolymer zinokwenza ukusilela ekusetyenzisweni kwezinto ezahlukeneyo zepolymer. Njengeziko lophando lwesayensi, kufuneka liqinise uphando kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezintsha zokupakisha iwayini, lifumane izinto ezifanelekileyo zokupakisha, libonelele ngezihloko zobungcali ezingcono zophuhliso lweshishini lewayini, kwaye livumele inkcubeko yewayini ekudala isasazeka kwilizwe laseTshayina.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Oktobha-14-2022